The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) play an important role in computer network security. There are several detection mechanisms where anomaly-based automated detection outperforms others significantly. Amid the sophistication and growing number of attacks, dealing with large amounts of data is a recognized issue in the development of anomaly-based NIDS. However, do current models meet the needs of today's networks in terms of required accuracy and dependability? In this research, we propose a new hybrid model that combines machine learning and deep learning to increase detection rates while securing dependability. Our proposed method ensures efficient pre-processing by combining SMOTE for data balancing and XGBoost for feature selection. We compared our developed method to various machine learning and deep learning algorithms to find a more efficient algorithm to implement in the pipeline. Furthermore, we chose the most effective model for network intrusion based on a set of benchmarked performance analysis criteria. Our method produces excellent results when tested on two datasets, KDDCUP'99 and CIC-MalMem-2022, with an accuracy of 99.99% and 100% for KDDCUP'99 and CIC-MalMem-2022, respectively, and no overfitting or Type-1 and Type-2 issues.

这项研究是有关阿拉伯历史文档的光学特征识别（OCR）的一系列研究的第二阶段，并研究了不同的建模程序如何与问题相互作用。第一项研究研究了变压器对我们定制的阿拉伯数据集的影响。首次研究的弊端之一是训练数据的规模，由于缺乏资源，我们的3000万张图像中仅15000张图像。另外，我们添加了一个图像增强层，时间和空间优化和后校正层，以帮助该模型预测正确的上下文。值得注意的是，我们提出了一种使用视觉变压器作为编码器的端到端文本识别方法，即BEIT和Vanilla Transformer作为解码器，消除了CNNs以进行特征提取并降低模型的复杂性。实验表明，我们的端到端模型优于卷积骨架。该模型的CER为4.46％。

在这项工作中，我们对情感和压力环境中的文本独立扬声器验证性能进行了实证对比研究。这项工作结合了浅架构的深层模型，导致新的混合分类器。利用了四种不同的混合模型：深神经网络隐藏式马尔可夫模型（DNN-HMM），深神经网络 - 高斯混合模型（DNN-GMM），高斯混合模型 - 深神经网络（GMM-DNN）和隐藏的马尔可夫模型-Deep神经网络（HMM-DNN）。所有模型都基于新颖的实施架构。比较研究使用了三个不同的语音数据集：私人阿拉伯数据集和两个公共英语数据库，即在模拟和实际压力下的演讲（Susas）和情感语音和歌曲（Ravdess）的ryerson视听数据库。上述混合模型的测试结果表明，所提出的HMM-DNN利用情绪和压力环境中的验证性能。结果还表明，HMM-DNN在曲线（AUC）评估度量下的相同错误率（eer）和面积方面优于所有其他混合模型。基于三个数据集的平均所产生的验证系统分别基于HMM-DNN，DNN-HMM，DNN-GMM和GMM-DNN产生7.19％，16.85％，11.51％和11.90％的eERs。此外，我们发现，与两个谈话环境中的所有其他混合模型相比，DNN-GMM模型展示了最少的计算复杂性。相反，HMM-DNN模型需要最多的培训时间。调查结果还证明了EER和AUC值在比较平均情绪和压力表演时依赖于数据库。

这项工作提出了诸如卷积神经网络（CNN），长短期记忆（LSTM），门控复发单元（GRU），它们的混合动力和情绪的浅学习分类器等深度学习模型的性能的详细比较阿拉伯语评论分析。另外，比较包括最先进的模型，例如变压器架构和阿拉伯的预先训练模型。本研究中使用的数据集是多方面的阿拉伯语酒店和书评数据集，这些数据集是阿拉伯评论的一些最大的公共数据集。结果表明，二元和多标签分类的浅层学习表现优于浅层学习，与文献中报告的类似工作的结果相比。结果中的这种差异是由数据集大小引起的，因为我们发现它与深度学习模型的性能成比例。在准确性和F1分数方面分析了深层和浅层学习技术的性能。最好的浅学习技术是随机森林，后跟决策树，以及adaboost。深度学习模型类似地使用默认的嵌入层进行，而变压器模型在增强Arabert时表现最佳。

Existing automated techniques for software documentation typically attempt to reason between two main sources of information: code and natural language. However, this reasoning process is often complicated by the lexical gap between more abstract natural language and more structured programming languages. One potential bridge for this gap is the Graphical User Interface (GUI), as GUIs inherently encode salient information about underlying program functionality into rich, pixel-based data representations. This paper offers one of the first comprehensive empirical investigations into the connection between GUIs and functional, natural language descriptions of software. First, we collect, analyze, and open source a large dataset of functional GUI descriptions consisting of 45,998 descriptions for 10,204 screenshots from popular Android applications. The descriptions were obtained from human labelers and underwent several quality control mechanisms. To gain insight into the representational potential of GUIs, we investigate the ability of four Neural Image Captioning models to predict natural language descriptions of varying granularity when provided a screenshot as input. We evaluate these models quantitatively, using common machine translation metrics, and qualitatively through a large-scale user study. Finally, we offer learned lessons and a discussion of the potential shown by multimodal models to enhance future techniques for automated software documentation.

In this paper, we reduce the complexity of approximating the correlation clustering problem from $O(m\times\left( 2+ \alpha (G) \right)+n)$ to $O(m+n)$ for any given value of $\varepsilon$ for a complete signed graph with $n$ vertices and $m$ positive edges where $\alpha(G)$ is the arboricity of the graph. Our approach gives the same output as the original algorithm and makes it possible to implement the algorithm in a full dynamic setting where edge sign flipping and vertex addition/removal are allowed. Constructing this index costs $O(m)$ memory and $O(m\times\alpha(G))$ time. We also studied the structural properties of the non-agreement measure used in the approximation algorithm. The theoretical results are accompanied by a full set of experiments concerning seven real-world graphs. These results shows superiority of our index-based algorithm to the non-index one by a decrease of %34 in time on average.

This paper proposes a novel self-supervised based Cut-and-Paste GAN to perform foreground object segmentation and generate realistic composite images without manual annotations. We accomplish this goal by a simple yet effective self-supervised approach coupled with the U-Net based discriminator. The proposed method extends the ability of the standard discriminators to learn not only the global data representations via classification (real/fake) but also learn semantic and structural information through pseudo labels created using the self-supervised task. The proposed method empowers the generator to create meaningful masks by forcing it to learn informative per-pixel as well as global image feedback from the discriminator. Our experiments demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the standard benchmark datasets.

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Finding and localizing the conceptual changes in two scenes in terms of the presence or removal of objects in two images belonging to the same scene at different times in special care applications is of great significance. This is mainly due to the fact that addition or removal of important objects for some environments can be harmful. As a result, there is a need to design a program that locates these differences using machine vision. The most important challenge of this problem is the change in lighting conditions and the presence of shadows in the scene. Therefore, the proposed methods must be resistant to these challenges. In this article, a method based on deep convolutional neural networks using transfer learning is introduced, which is trained with an intelligent data synthesis process. The results of this method are tested and presented on the dataset provided for this purpose. It is shown that the presented method is more efficient than other methods and can be used in a variety of real industrial environments.